中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园机构知识库

Abstract The social dimensions of human–wildlife conflicts are becoming increasingly important. In regions where crop‐raiding is a common issue, local people's attitudes toward wildlife is an important indicator of how successful conservation efforts are likely to be. One such area is the east Tibetan Plateau—a biodiversity hotspot with well‐preserved forest ecosystems and mountain villages where subsistence farming is practiced. In this context, we conducted a survey of people's tolerance toward wildlife in five Tibetan villages that experience conflicts arising from crop‐raiding incidents. We interviewed 83 respondents, 76 of whom were participants in a compensation scheme that provided payments for crop damage. Wildlife tolerance was generally high, mostly due to mutualistic wildlife values, whereby people believed they should coexist with animals equally instead of exploiting them as natural resources. Tolerance was influenced by people's wildlife preference rather than the level of damage to croplands: people were likely to show higher tolerance toward culturally important species even when they were crop‐raiding animals. While economic and mitigation efforts as part of traditional conservation management led to increased tolerance, the compensation scheme and fencing were less important than wildlife preference. We suggest that conservation management for human‐wildlife conflicts should develop region and stakeholder‐specific engagement strategies. Crucially, such strategies should incorporate cultural considerations to fully address the complex human dimensions inherent in these issues. 摘要 人兽冲突中的社会科学视角正在变得越来越重要。在野生动物食用农作物的冲突频发地区,当地人对野生动物的态度是衡量保护工作成功与否的重要指标。位于生物多样性热点地区的青藏高原东部农区便是该类型区域的其中之一,这里森林生态系统保存完好,农区山地居民以自给农业为主。在此背景下,本研究针对因野生动物肇事而农作物受损高发的5个藏族村庄,调查了其村民对野生动物的容忍度。研究采访了83户村民,其中76户参与过针对作物损失的人兽冲突补偿项目。结果显示,受访者对野生动物的容忍度普遍较高,主要是由平等共生的野生动物价值观影响,人们认为他们应该与动物平等共存,而不是将其视作自然资源加以利用。容忍度受人们对野生动物的偏好所影响,而不是农田被破坏的程度,特别在文化上有一定意义的肇事动物,人们也通常对其表现出更高的容忍度。虽然经济手段和缓解措施作为传统保护管理的一部分,能在一定程度上提高人们的容忍度,但在此研究中补偿计划和围栏在针对容忍度的影响方面并没有人们对野生动物的偏好程度影响大。我们建议,人兽冲突的保护管理应制定针对特定区域以及特定利益相关方的具体策略。至关重要的是,这些策略应将本地文化因素纳入考量,以充分解决人兽冲突所固有的复杂的人文因素问题。【审阅:李梦姣】 Plain language summary In the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, people in agricultural areas often face the problem of wild animals eating their crops. Understanding how local farmers feel about these wild animals is crucial for ensuring effective conservation efforts. We interviewed people in five villages where animals eating crops is a significant problem. Most of the 83 people we spoke with were part of an initiative compensating them financially when animals damage their crops. We discovered that most people have positive feelings toward wildlife, mainly because they believe in living together with animals in harmony, not just exploiting them as natural resources. Interestingly, how much people liked certain animals affected their feelings more than how much damage their crops suffered. For example, if an animal was important to their culture, they were more likely to put up with it eating their crops. Even though giving financial compensation for crop damage and trying other ways to stop animals from eating crops helped people be more tolerant, what really mattered was how much they liked wildlife in general. We think that the plans to solve human–wildlife conflicts should be tailored to fit each specific area and group of people, taking the local culture into consideration when doing so. In this manner, we can better understand the complex reasons behind people's attitudes toward wildlife. 通俗语言摘要 在青藏高原东部,农区的人们经常面临野生动物食用庄稼的问题。了解当地村民对这些野生动物的态度对于确保有效的保护工作至关重要。我们采访了5个村庄的村民,他们面临着具体的野生动物食用庄稼的问题。在我们采访的83户中,大多数人参与过一个人兽冲突补偿项目,当野生动物破坏了作物时,他们将会得到一定的经济补偿。我们发现,大多数人对野生动物有积极的情感,主要是因为当地人相信应该与动物平等共生,而不是将其视作自然资源加以利用。有趣的是,人们对某些野生动物的情感往往更受对其喜爱程度的影响,而不是农作物受到的损害程度。例如,如果某种动物在文化上有一定的意义,人们更愿意去容忍它吃掉部分自己的农作物。针对作物损失给予经济补偿,并尝试其他缓解措施阻止该类冲突的发生,这些举措都有助于增加人们的容忍度,但研究显示在此地区更重要的是人们整体有多喜爱野生动物。我们认为,致力于解决人兽冲突的方法需要区分特定的地区和人群,充分考虑到当地文化。这样,我们才能更好地理解人们对野生动物态度背后的复杂原因。 Practitioner points Understanding the social dynamics of human communities is a crucial part of human–wildlife conflict resolution. Conservation practitioners should avoid inferring a direct correlation between conflicts and retaliatory actions and avoid creating opposition; a broader spectrum of social factors should be considered in conflict management. Tailoring conservation management to the local context and actively engaging all relevant stakeholders are essential steps for the overall success of conservation initiatives. 实践者要点 了解人类社区内的社会动力是缓解人兽冲突的关键部分。 保护实践者应避免首先就将冲突与报复行为直接关联起来制造对立;在冲突管理中应考虑更广泛的社会因素。 根据当地情况量身定制保护管理策略,并争取所有利益相关方的积极参与是保护举措取得全面成功的重要步骤。